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Cybertelecom
Federal Internet Law & Policy An Educational Project |
Backbone Reference
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Backbone Reference |
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US Government
- FCC
- Remarks of Jon Sallet, Federal Communications Commission General Counsel, As Prepared for Delivery, Telecommunications Policy Research Conference: “The Federal Communications Commission and Lessons of Recent Mergers & Acquisitions Reviews” (Sept. 25, 2015)
- Jay M. Atkinson and Christopher C. Barnekov, A Competitively Neutral Approach to Network Interconnection, OPP Working Paper Series, No. 34 (2000)
- Patrick Degraba, Bill and Keep at the Central Office as the Efficient Interconnection Regime, FCC Working Paper #33 (Dec. 2000)
- Michael Kende, The Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Backbones by Michael Kende, Director of Internet Policy Analysis; September 2000. [ Text | Word97 | Acrobat | News Release ]
- In re Application of WorldCom, Inc. and MCI Communications Corporation for Transfer of Control of MCI Communications Corporation to WorldCom, Inc., Report and Order, CC Docket No. 97-211 ¶ 145 (September 14, 1998) "IBPs interconnect with one another through either a peering arrangement or a transiting arrangement. In a peering arrangement, two IBPs agree to exchange traffic that originates from an end user connected to one IBP and terminates with an end user connected to another IBP. A peering arrangement has two main characteristics. First, in general, peering is settlements-free, i.e., the IBPs do not charge each other for terminating traffic.388 Second, one peer will not allow traffic from another peer to transit its network to a third IBP. For example, if IBP A only has a peering arrangement with IBP B, and IBP B also has a peering arrangement with IBP C, then IBP B will not allow customers of IBP A to send traffic to or receive traffic from customers of IBP C. In order to provide access to the customers of IBP C, IBP A must either peer with IBP C or enter a transit agreement, as described below, with either IBP B or IBP C."
388 At least one industry expert, Hal Varian, Dean of the School of Information Management and Systems at the University of California, Berkeley, has called for an end to settlements-free interconnections as the industry norm. Hal Varian, How to Strengthen the Internet's Backbone, Wall St. J., June 8, 1998 at A22.
- In re Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Report, CC Docket No. 98-146 ¶ 105 & n 240 (February 2, 1999) "an arrangement in which two Internet backbone providers exchange traffic that originates from an end user connected to one of the providers and terminates with an end user connected to the other provider. 240
240 Notice, 13 FCC Rcd at 15309. In general, peering is settlements-free, i.e., the providers do not charge each other for terminating traffic. Also, one peer will not allow traffic from another peer to transit its network to a third provider. See WorldCom, Inc. & MCI Communications Corp., CC Docket No. 97-211, Memorandum Opinion & Order FCC 98-225 at ¶¶ 143-46, released Sept. 14, 1998, available at 1998 WL 611053."
- NRIC
- Statement of NRIC V FG4 on Internet Peering. June 2001
- Service Provider Interconnection for Internet Protocol Best Effort Service, Network Reliability and Interoperability Council V, Focus Group 4: Interoperability
- DHS
- The President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee, Vulnerabilities Task Force Report Internet Peering Security, DHS (March 27, 2003)
- Vulnerabilities Task Force Report on Telecom Hotels, April 2003. NSTAC DHS.
- GAO
- Telecommunications: Characteristics and Competitiveness of the Internet Backbone Market, GAO-02-16 (Oct 2001)
- DOJ
- MCI WCOM/Sprint DOJ Complaint ¶ 25 (describing interconnection points)
Other Governments
- ITU
- ENISA
- Inter-X: Resilience of the Internet Interconnection Ecosystem, Full Report, European Network and Information Security Agency, p. 80 (April 2011).
- Resilience of the Internet Interconnection Ecosystem , European Network and Information Security Agency Dec. 31, 2010
- France ARCEP
- NEUTRALITÉ DE L'INTERNET ET DES RESEAUX April 19, 2012 [English]
- Decision’s translation
- Questionnaire to be filled in
- ARCEP, Public Administrations' Approach to IP-interconnection, BEREC Expert Workshop on IP-interconnection in cooperation with the OECD, June 20, 2012
- ARCEP does not intend to regulate this market today and stated it in its recent decision (cf. hereafter) : “the situation in data conveyance and interconnection markets today does not appear to warrant the introduction of ex ante regulation at this stage”.
- IP interconnection - between operators - is covered by the Telecommunications Act (CPCE – L.34-8) ? « an interconnection request cannot be refused if it is justified by the solicitor's needs, on the one hand, and by the provider’s capacity to fulfill it, on the other hand. Any interconnection refusal should be reasoned by the provider »
- ARCEP has the task of ensuring (CPCE–L.32-1) ? « end users’ ability to access and distribute information, and to access the applications and services of their choice »
- Dispute settlement (CPCE–L.36-8) ? ARCEP may be required to specify the technical and pricing terms contained in data conveyance and interconnection agreements between two operators, or between an operator and a CAP.
- Datagathering(CPCE–L.32-4) ? ARCEP can gather information on interconnection (including IPinterconnection) from operators and CAPs.
- ARCEP published on 29 March 2012 a decision “on the implementation of a process for gathering information on the technical and pricing terms governing data conveyance and interconnection”.
- The corresponding questionnaire refers to “data conveyance and interconnection relationships”. It covers both peering and transit relationships.
- BEREC
- ERG/BEREC Documents on IP interconnection
- ERG (07) 09: Report on IP interconnection
- ERG (08) 26 Common Statement on Regulatory Principles of IP-IC/ NGN Core
- BEREC (10) 24 rev1: Common Statement on Next Generation Networks Future Charging Mechanisms / Long Term Termination Issues
- BEREC
- An Assessment of IP-interconnection in the context of Network Neutrality, Draft Report for public consultation, Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications, p. 19, May 29, 2012
- An assessment of IP interconnection in the context of Net Neutrality, BEREC (Dec. 6, 2012) [BEREC Dec. 6, 2012]
- BEREC Expert workshop on IP-interconnection in cooperation with OECD, June 2, 2012
- William Lehr, Public Administrators Approach to IP Interconnection, BEREC Expert Workshop on IP-Interconnection in Cooperation with the OECD, June 20, 2012 ("Is there market-failure in IP Interconnect? NOT Today (I think)"). ~
- An assessment of IP interconnection in the context of Net Neutrality, BEREC Report, Start p. 47 (Dec. 6, 2012) ~
- Geoff Huston, A Report on the OECD/BEREC Workshop on Interconnection and Regulation, CIRCLEID June 28, 2012
- Nov. 2nd, 2011 Workshopoecd_workshop_agenda.pdf
- Dennis Weller, Senior Advisor, Navigant Economics "IP Traffic Exchange; Market Developments and Policy Challenges"weller.pdf
- Martin Levy, Director, Hurricane Electric "The Background of Internet Interconnection" oecd_hurricane.pdf
- Scott Marcus, Director, WIK-Consult, "IP interconnection, traffic trends, and wholesale and retail prices"oecd_scottmarcus.pdf
- Bill Krogfoss, Strategy Director, Chief Technology Office Alcatel-Lucent "Internet Economy and Content Peering" oecd_kogfross.pdf
- Falk von Bornstaedt, Head of Peering, Deutsche Telekom "IP Interconnection and differentiated QoS." oecd_bornstaedt.pdf
- Patrick Gilmore, Chief Architect, Akamai oecd_akamai.pdf
- Eric Ralph, Chief Economist of the Wireline Competition Bureau, FCC (Video message and teleconference)
- News and Blogs
- Rudolf van der Berg, Information Thought Dec. 20, 2011 BEREC Workshop
- OECD
- OECD (2014), "Connected Televisions: Convergence and Emerging Business Models", OECD Digital Economy Papers, p. 7 No. 231, OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/5jzb36wjqkvg-en
- OECD Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies, TELECOMMUNICATION REGULATORY INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES AND RESPONSIBILITIES , DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)6/FINAL (2006)
- Internet Traffic Exchange: Developments and Policy, OECD DSTI/ICCP/TISP(98)1/Final, p. 9 (1998)
- OECD, Internet Traffic Exchange, Policy and Development , 1998 OECD, Workshop on Internet Traffic Exchange, Berlin, Germany, June 7-8, 2001, e.g., see G Huston (Telstra) "The Changing Structure of the Internet", and Jean Claude Geha (Telia) "Next Generation Traffic Exchange".;
- OECD Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies, INTERNET TRAFFIC EXCHANGE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF END-TO-END INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION COMPETITION , DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2001)5/FINAL (2002)
- Dr. Mathew Dovens, C&W, Relationship Between Networks, OECD (June 7, 2001)
- OECD Workshop on Internet Traffic Exchange June 2001
- AGENDA
- Intro
- Ulrich Mohr, Head of Section, International Policy on Telecommunications and Posts, BMWI, Germany, Welcome
- Sam Paltridge, OECD
- TRAFFIC EXCHANGE IN THE NEW ENVIRONMENT: GLOBAL NETWORKS
- Scott Marcus, Chief Technology Officer, Genuity, Global Traffic Exchange between ISPs
- Jean-Claude Geha, Telia, Next Generation Traffic Exchange
- Mathew Dovens, Senior Director, Cable and Wireless, Relationship Between Networks
- Bill Scott, NOIE, Australian Government, Issues of Internet Charging from an Australian Perspective
- Ricardo Rodriguez, Cofetel, Mexico
- Richard Cawley, European Commission, Traffic Exchange, Global Networks
- TRENDS IN GLOBAL CAPACITY AVAILABILITY AND TRADING
- Jeremy Barnes, Director, IP Deployment, Level 3
- Bruce Girdlestone, Vice President Network Trading, Band-X, Trends in Global Capacity Availability and Trading
- Geoff Huston, Chief Scientist, Telstra Internet, The Changing Structure of the Internet
- GLOBAL INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
- Don Abelson, Chief, International Bureau, FCC, ICAIS: Myths Versus Reality
- Tim Kelly, Chief, Strategy and Policy Unit, ITU, Global Internet Connectivity and the digital divide
- Sam Paltridge, OECD
- LOCAL INTERNET INTERCONNECTION
- Simon Hampton, Director of European Public Affairs, AOL Europe. Local Internet interconnection
- Barbara Dooley, President, Commercial Internet eXchange, Local Competition and ISPs: The American Experience
- Wolfgang Kopf, Vice President, Deutsche Telekom, Local Internet Interconnection: The German Situation
- Geoff Brighton and Priya Sinha,Compliance Directorate, Oftel, Friaco: Unmetered Internet Access in UK
- Sunil Tagare, TRAI in India Wins the Battle and the War, Linkedin April 7, 2017 ("In 2012, The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) decided to reduce the Reference Interconnect Offer (RIO) or also known as the Access Facilitation Charge (AFA) by 90% to bring the numbers in line with international norms.")
Statistics / Assessment
- See also Broadband Speed Access Networks which generally captures some upstream interconnection data; Internet eXchange Points, Interconnection.
- CAIDA Measurement and ANalysis of Internet Congestion
- Packet Clearing House Internet Exchange Point Directory
- PeeringDB PeeringDB facilitates the exchange of information related to Peering.
- Hurricane Electric measurement of Adjacencies (measurement of interconnections)
- Hurricane Electric BGP Toolkit
- Oracle DYN
- Telegeography
Industry
AOL
- Daniel Golding, AOL, Peering Evolution, Presentation at NANOG 27 (2003) [Golding]
AT&T
- AT&T Global IP Network Settlement-Free Policy
- Letter from Maureen R. Jeffreys, Arnold & Porter, LLP, Counsel for AT&T, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket No. 15-149, at 3 (Oct. 30, 2015)
- Letter from Maureen R. Jeffreys, Arnold & Porter, Counsel for AT&T, and from William M. Wiltshire, Harris, Wiltshire, & Grannis, LLP, Counsel for DTV, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket No. 14-90 p. 4 (May 26, 2015)
- AT&T Response to Information Request, MB Docket 14-57, p. 13 (Oct. 31, 2014)
- Declaration of Scott Mair, Senior Vice President of Technology Planning and Engineering, AT&T Services, Inc, MB Docket No. 14-90. (Oct. 15, 2014)
- AT&T July 30, 2014 Ex Parte, Attach., Dkt. 14-18, at 3
- AT&T Ex Parte with Commission Pai, The Internet Interconnection Ecosystem, Slide 2, June 26, 2014
- AT&T OI NPRM 2014 Reply
- Opposition of AT&T to Petition to Deny at 42-44, MB 14-90
- Declaration of Scott Mair, Senior Vice President of Technology Planning and Engineering, AT&T Services, Inc, MB Docket No. 14-90. ¶ 6 (Oct. 15, 2014)
- In re Connect America Fund, WC Docket 10-90, Comments of AT&T, at 12 (Feb. 24, 2012)
- What Does it Mean to be a "Peer"?, AT&T Policy Blog (Dec. 10, 2010)
- AT&T filing, AT&T / Bell South Merger, Docket 06-74, Exhibit 30.b.1, AT&T Paid Peering Relationships (July 11, 2006)
Centurylink
- CenturyLink's North America IP Network Peering Policy October, 2011
- Letter from Tiffany West Smink, Associate General Counsel, Centurylink, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket No. 15-149, at 4 (Oct. 30, 2015)
- Cogent Reply Comments, MB Docket 14-90, at 15 n. 44 (Jan. 7, 2015)
- Centurylink's October 31, 2014 Response to Information, Data, and Document Request, MB Docket 14-57, at 4, 12
Charter
- Letter from Samuel L. Feder, Jenner & Block, Counsel for Charter Communications, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket No. 15-149, at 6 (Dec. 11, 2015)
Cogent
- Cogent Comments MB 14-90
- Cogent Reply Comments, MB Docket 14-90, at 15 n. 44 (Jan. 7, 2015)
- Cogent Ex Parte MB Docket 14-57 (Nov. 18, 2014)
- Declaration of Henry (Hank) Kilmer, Vice President, IP Engineering, Cogent Commc'ms Grp., Inc., MB Docket No. 14-57 (filed August 25, 2014)
- Contribution by Cogent Communications on DGCONNECT's Public Consultation on Specific Aspects of Transparency, Traffic Management and Switching in an Open Internet, 4 (2012)
Comcast
- Comcast Settlement Free Interconnection Policy
- Letter from Francis M. Buono, Counsel for Comcast Corporation, to Vanessa Lemme, FCC, MB Docket 14-57 (Mar. 12, 2015), Attach. (“Comcast – Time Warner Cable Presentation to the Federal Communications Commission, March 10, 2015”)
- Letter from Kathryn A. Zachem, Senior Vice President, Regulatory and State Legislative Affairs, Comcast, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, GN Docket 14-28 (January 23, 2015)
- Applications of Comcast Corp., Time Warner Cable Inc., Charter Communications, Inc., and SpinCo For Consent to Assign or Transfer Control of Licenses and Authorizations, Comcast / Time Warner Cable Reply to Responses, MB Docket No.14-57, at 7 (Dec. 23, 2014)
- Letter from Kathryn A. Zachem, Senior Vice President, Regulatory and State Legislative Affairs, Comcast Corporation, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket No. 14-57, at 3 (filed Nov. 3, 2014)
- Declaration of Constantine Dovrolis, Ph.D., Professor at the School of Computer Science of the Georgia Institute of Technology, MB Docket No. 14-57 (filed Sept. 23, 2014)
- Letter from Kathryn A. Zachem, Senior Vice President, Regulatory and State Legislative Affairs, Comcast, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket 14-57 (June 12, 2014)
- Ex Parte Letter from Kathryn A. Zachem, Comcast Corp., to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, WC Docket No. 07-52, at 2 (July 10, 2008)
- Comcast Continues Discussions With Level 3 -- Offers to Trial New Solutions, COMCAST 12/17/2010
- Gerald W. Brock, Interconnection and Mutual Compensation with Partial Competition p. 13 (1994) (Prepared for Comcast Corporation)
Cox
- Dan Estes, Gaylord Hart, The Cox National Backbone: Building a Scalable Optical Network for Future Applications and Network Evolution, NCTA Technical Papers at 155 (2008)
Level 3
- Level 3, IP Traffic Exchange Policy (requiring peers to "have a backbone network node in at least six of the nine U.S. Census Bureau Divisions in the United States (New England, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, East South Central, East North Central, West North Central, West South Central, Mountain, Pacific)")
- Mark Taylor, Observations of an Internet Middleman, Level 3 Blog (May 5, 2014)
Netflix
- Netflix Comments, MB 14-90
- Netflix Petition to Deny, MB Dkt 14-57
- Netflix Petition, Comcast / TWC Merger, MB Docket 14-57, Ken Florance Declaration, Attachment A at 9
- Netflix Petition, Comcast / TWC Merger, MB Docket 14-57, Ken Florance Declaration, Attachment A at 15
- Dave Temkin, Netflix, Vice President of Network Strategy and Architecture, The real cost of Public IXPs, Global Peering Forum, April 13, 2016 (“Over the past 5 years, the market price of transit has dropped 80%, yet the average price of the top 6 IXPs in Europe has dropped only 27%. Were IXPs too cheap to start with or has their structure not evolved with the rest of the market? ”)
- Read Hastings, Internet Tolls and the Case for Strong Net Neutrality, NETFLIX MEDIA CENTER (Mar. 20, 2014)
- Letter from Markham C. Erickson, Steptoe & Johnson, LLP, Counsel for Netflix, Inc., to Ms. Marlene Dortch, Secretary, Federal Communications Commission, Dkt. 14-28, Attach. at 1 (Aug. 1 2014), [hereinafter Netflix Open Internet Ex Parte]
Telia
- TeliaSonera International Carrier Global Peering Policy, TeliaSonera (July 2013)
TW Telecom
Verizon
- Verizon Ex Parte Letter, GN Docket 09-191 (Jan. 13, 2011)
- Email from Meredith Singer, Wiley Rein LLP, Counsel for Verizon, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket No. 15-149, at 2 (Nov. 6, 2015)
- Verizon Press Release, Verizon Offering Pricing Incentives to CDN Providers to Connect Directly to Company’s Internet Backbone Network (January 7, 2009)
- Letter from Meredith Singer, Counsel for Verizon, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket No. 14-57, at 1 (March 2, 2015)
- Letter from Ian Dillner, Vice President, Federal Regulatory Affairs, Verizon, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, MB Docket No. 09-191 (January 13, 2011)
- Amendment No. 3 to the Interconnection Agreement between Verizon New York Inc. and PAETEC Communications, Inc. at 3 (2001)
XO
- Arnold Nipper, DE-CIX, Interconnecting IXPs: Pros and Cons, Apricot 2012
- Matthew Moyle-Croft, Building a Global Peering Footprint from the Outback (Internode Australia), APRICOT 2012 (Feb. 28, 2012)
- Willy Sutrisno, Matrix Networks, Establishing Peering One Step at a Time (Matrix), APRICOT 2012 (Feb. 28, 2012)
- Letter from Bradley Bopp, NationalNet, Adam Davenport, Choopa, Randy Epstein, Broadband One, Anton Kapela, CTO, Five Nines Data, Christian Koch, Meebo, Nathan Patrick, Sonic, Phillip Rosenthal, ISPrime, Adam Rothschild, Voxel dot Net, Steve Rubin, Layer 42, Warren T Sands, Rackspace Hosting, Dan Spataro, Net Access Corporation, Richard Steenbergen, nLayer Communications, Kevin Loch, Carpathia Hosting, Mike Leber, Hurricane Electric, Karl Zimmerman, Steadfast, to Chairman Genachowski, GN Docket 09-191, at 1 (Dec. 20, 2010)
Research
, Toulouse, Institut economie industrielle,
1999, presented at "Competition and Innovation in the Personal
Computer Industry", San Diego, April, 1999.
, Presentation at NANOG (Jan. 2009), Chapter 9,
Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, 2005 , 2 COLUM. SCI. & TECH. L. REV. 1 (2001) (Oct. 2004)" paper prepared for 37th TPRC, Arlington, VA, September 2009. , Draft 1.3 , Draft 1.1 (Nov. 19, 2003), IEW '99, 2nd Internet Economics Workshop, Berlin,
Germany, May 28-29, 1999, 
, Version 0.2, GSR 2007 Discussion Paper, ITU Links
- See also Assessment / Traffic Reports
- Boardwatch's Director of ISPs (directory of North American Backbones)
- Internet Atlas A Comprehensive Repository of the Physical Internet
- CAIDA
- AS Rank Information for a Single AS: As Relationship Table
- Data Center Maps: Upstream Providers
- Robex Swiss Army Knife Internet Tool
- Schematic of Internet Backbone
- European Internet Exchange Association
- Network Startup Resource Network, Routing, BGP and IXP Resources;
- University of Oregon Route Views Project
- The North American Network Operators' Group, Peering Links
- Backbone Topology (PDF)
Exchange Points
- Packet Clearing House Internet Exchange Directory
- Telegeography Internet Exchange Point Directory
- Listing by PCH.NET
- Public Network Access Points (NAP Listservs)
- Nap.net Recently acquired by GTE (Network Exchange Points).
- ColoSource Internet eXchange Points
- Exchange Point Information
- Dallas Fort Worth
- Equinix Dallas IBX
- MAE Central (Dallas)
- PAIX Dallas
© Cybertelecom ::Books
- Eli Noam, Interconnecting the Network of Networks
(2001).
- Designing Wide Area Networks and Internetworks: A Practical Guide
- STEPHEN SEGALLER, NERDS 2.0.1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INTERNET 111 (1998)
- Shane Greenstein, How the Internet Became Commercial: Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network (2015)
- Jonathan E. Nuechterlein and Philip J. Weiser, Digital Crossroads: American Telecommunications Policy in an Internet Age, p. 132 (MIT Press 2005)
- Padmanabhan Srinagesh, Internet Cost Structures and Interconnection Agreements, in Internet Economics (Lee W. McKnight, Joseph P. Bailey eds., 1998)
- Peter Salus, Casting the Net: From ARPANet to Internet and Beyond 200 (1995)
- Henk Brands, Evan Leo, The Law and Regulation of Telecommunications Carriers (Artech House 1999)
News
- Just Five Metros Generate 27% of Worldwide Colocation Revenues Fierce Telecom Apr. 3, 2016.(“ New Q4 data from Synergy Research Group shows that just five metro areas account for 27% of worldwide retail and wholesale colocation revenues. Ranked by revenue generated in Q4 the top five metros are New York, London, Washington, Tokyo and Silicon Valley”)
- Equinix to Buy Data Center Rival Telecity for $3.6 Billion
- Drew Fitzgerald and Shalini Ramachandran, Netflix-Traffic Feud Leads to Video Slowdown, WSJ (Feb. 18, 2014)
- James O'Toole, Faster Netflix Streaming Coming to Time Warner Cable, CNN Money August 20, 2014
- Karl Bode, Netflix CDN Partners Soar in Latest Netflix ISP Rankings, DSLReports (Feb. 12, 2013)
- Todd Spangler, TWC: Netflix is Withholding Content to Gain Unprecedented Access to ISPs, Mulitchannel News (Jan. 16, 2013)
- Michelle Clancy, Time Warner Cable inks paid interconnect deal with Netflix, RapidTV (Aug. 21, 2014)
- Dan Rayburn, Verizon Cuts Peering Costs to CDNs: The Real Story Is More Than Price, StreamingMediaBlog (January 8, 2009)
- Mike Snider, Netflix Nets Streaming Deal with Verizon, USA Today April 28, 2014.
- Keenan Mayo and Peter Newcomb, How the Web was Won, Vanity Fair (July 2008)
- Level 3 Still Insists Comcast Misleading Everyone - PR pendulum continues to sway back and forth, dslreports 12/10/2010
- Two Stories about the Comcast/Level 3 Dispute (Part 2), Freedom to Tinker 12/10/2010
- FCC looks into Level 3, Comcast content dispute, CW 12/1/2010
- Plans for new Kenyan IXP begin to take shape, ISOC 9/17/2009
- Equinix to Build Its Sixth Data Center in Region, Wash Post 9/15/2009
- Nigeria: New Submarine Internet Cable Lands in Lagos, Global Voices 9/8/2009
- 1st Workshop on Internet Economics, CAIDA 8/27/2009
- Annual Global IP Traffic Will Exceed Two-Third of a Zettabyte in 4 Years, CircleID 6/11/2009
- Who Protects The Internet?, Pop Sci 4/2/2009
- The Story Behind The Sprint/Cogent Feud - He said, she said, followed by an Internet blackout..., dslreports 12/5/2008
- Backbone Analysis Puts Exaflood Myth To Bed - Wireless growth exploding, but wireline growth may actually be slowing., dslreports 11/25/2008
- How Fast is Internet Traffic Growing?, CircleID 11/25/2008
- Sprint And Cogent Remind Us That The Internet Is Held Together With Handshakes And Duct Tape, Techdirt 11/5/2008
- Internet transit prices, Telecom Industry and Regulation 10/15/2008
- Transpacific undersea cable completed, CNET 9/30/2008
- Internet Traffic Begins to Bypass the U.S., NYT 9/2/2008
- Work begins on Google-backed 'Unity' undersea cable, CW 6/24/2008
- Google helping expand undersea cable infrastructure, CNET 8/27/2008
- Identifying key regulatory and policy issues to ensure open access to regional backbone infrastructure initiatives in Africa, World Bank 4/29/2005
- ISP backbones stand up to 30 day test, NWFusion 12/16/02
- When The Net's Backbone Is Out Of Joint, BWO 10/9/02
- Navigating Risks and Opportunities in the North American Backbone Market 6/1/01 , AllNetResearch 1/24/02
- ISP Backbone Market Forecast, ISP Planet 1/24/02
- ISP Backbone Market to Remain Flat Through 2002, Cahners InStat 1/24/02
- The Impact of Peering on ISP Performance: What's Best for You Network Magazine November 2001: Global Distribution of NAPS: North America 37.5%, Europe 34.6%, Asia & Pacific 21.3%, Latin America and Caribbean 5.1%, Africa 1.5%.
- The Old Boys Network, Data Communications (October 1999)
- Damaged cables slow Net access in Asia, CNET 9/20/01
- PSI Net Agrees to Sell Hong Kong Operations, Internetnews 07/10/01
- The Impact of Peering on ISP Performance: What's Best for You? Net Mag Nov 2001
- NAP Set to Open in Miami, ZDNet 6/29/01
- Global Crossing Finishes Network, ON 6/21/01
- C&W, PSINet Drop Peering Agreement, InternetNews 6/6/01
- Winds Of Change For Backbone Providers, ISPPLanet 6/15/01
- PSINet files for bankruptcy protection, CNET 06/01/01
- PSINet Files For Chapter 11, InternetNews 06/01/01
- PSINet Files For Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection, Internetnews 06/01/01
- The ISP top dogs, NW Fusion May 2001
- PSINet To Sell Unit For Quick Cash, WashPost 2/15/01
- Denise Pappalardo, When Private Peering Arrangements Go Bad, NETWORK WORLD, June 11, 2001, at 8
- Neil Weinberg, Backbone Bullies, FORBES, June 12, 2000
- AGIS Sold to Swedes InternetNews 4/26
- ISPs Plan Backbone Boost InternetNews 3/31
- AGIS Backbone Buckles (files for bankruptcy) Internet News 3/2
- Enron Opens Bandwidth Commodity Trading Service InternetNews 12/3
- C&W launch global backbone ZDNET 11/15/99
- SGI to Test Indian Internet Backbone by November InternetNews 9/20/99
- C&W expands its U.S. network capacity C|NET 9/13/99
